i  y 


~TS 


UC-NRLF 


THE  MARK  ON  QJJAUTY    LUMBER. 


FORESTRY 


TO/72 

/o  Oracle 


THe  Tpncr-BeLi.  Timber 

R.  A.LOINJG     riUILDirs/G         Lumbt-rmon  since  1875        1CAMSAS 


Contents  Copyright,  1920,  by  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company 


ft 


In  a  Southern  Pine  Forest.     This  view,  taken  in  the  Calcasieu  District  of  southwestern  Louisiana,  shows  a  typical  stand 
of  timber  in  a  region  that  is  remarkable  for  the  size,  height  and  symmetry  of  the  trees  produced  there. 


The  Forest's  Part  in  Nation  Building 


T  IS  a  moving  spectacle  to  see  a  great 
tree,  severed  by  the  woodsmen,  fall 
crashing  to  the  earth. 
Everyone,  it  is  to  be  supposed,  loves 
trees.  And  there  is  something  tragic,  as  well 
as  thrilling,  in  the  downfall  of  a  giant  of  the 
forest  which  for  centuries,  perhaps,  has  with- 
stood the  buffetings  of  winter's  blasts  and 
summer's  tempests,  ever  growing  in  strength 
and  stature  with  the  struggle  for  existence, 
only  to  be  laid  low  finally  by  the  axe  or  the 
saw.  It  is  this  sentiment  that  moves  us  to 
regret — and  occasionally  protest — the  felling 
of  trees  for  commercial  uses. 

It  so  happens,  however,  that  forest  products 
are  indispensable  to  mankind,  and  the  intelli- 
gent manufacture  of  trees  into  useful  forms  is 
a  service  vital  to  civilization.  Furthermore, 
forests  may  be  so  situated,  or  their  areas  so 
vast,  that  they  are  a  hindrance,  rather  than 
an  aid,  to  a  country's  development.  It  would 
be  difficult  to  conceive  of  the  American 
Continent  being  settled  and  civilized  without 
the  removal  of  portions  of  the  forests,  and 
the  nation's  greatness  in  agriculture  has  been 
possible  only  through  the  sacrifice  of  innumer- 
able trees,  often  destroyed  to  the  sole  end  of 
clearing  the  land  upon  which  they  stood. 

In  a  utilitarian  sense,  a  forest  unused  is 
a  forest  useless  to  mankind.  Trees  are  a 
vegetable  crop,  and  like  others  of  their  kind, 
they  grow  to  maturity,  decay,  and  die — a 
total  loss  unless  they  are  harvested  at  the 
proper  time  and  converted  to  the  uses  for 
which  they  may  best  be  adapted. 

The  forests  of  America  were  at  one  time 
formidable  and  forbidding  wildernesses.  The 
pioneering  homeseeker  was  compelled  to  labor 
long  and  patiently  to  effect  a  "clearing"  for 
the  cultivation  of  farm  crops — and  for  many 
years  thereafter  maintain  a  constant  battle 
to  prevent  the  re-encroachment  of  the  wilder- 
ness upon  his  reclaimed  area.  He  was  able  to 
convert  to  useful  ends  very  few  of  the  trees  he 
chopped  down — his  purpose  was  to  destroy 


them  in  the  quickest  and  most  effective  manner 
possible.  The  commercial  lumberman,  on  the 
contrary,  has  felled  trees  for  the  purpose  of 
utilizing  every  portion  of  them  that  could 
be  manufactured  into  useful  forms;  and  in 
his  operations  the  lumberman  has  saved 
the  farmer  a  prodigious  amount  of  labor  in 
removing  trees  from  millions  of  acres  of  land 
most  useful  for  agricultural  production. 

The  manufacture  of  lumber  has  attained 
the  rank  of  the  second  largest  manufacturing 
industry  in  America,  because  forest  products — 
wood  in  all  its  countless  forms — are  absolutely 
essential  to  our  daily  life.  Wood  for  shelter, 
wood  for  fuel,  wood  for  implements  and  weap- 
ons, wood  for  furniture,  wood  for  vehicles  of 
transportation  on  land  and  water  —  every 
moment  of  our  lives,  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave,  we  are  using  necessities  or  conveniences 
of  wood.  From  lead  pencils  to  dwellings,  from 
matches  to  railroad  trestles,  from  toothpicks 
to  giant  factories,  from  shoe-pegs  to  ships, 
wood  is  constantly  ministering  to  our  needs. 

It  is  impossible  for  the  human  mind  to 
comprehend  the  magnitude  of  the  lumber 
industry  today.  Only  a  vague  understanding 
is  conveyed  by  the  statement  that  the  total 
production  of  lumber  in  this  country  amounts 
to  nearly  40,000,000,000  board  feet  annually— 
approximately  1,600,000  capacity  carloads. 
Of  this  stupendous  quantity  of  lumber,  some- 
thing like  15,000,000,000  board  feet,  or  660,000 
carloads,  is  of  one  variety  alone — Southern 
Pine,  the  most  useful  and  most  adaptable  of 
woods.  One-third  of  the  total  population  of 
the  South  is  directly  or  indirectly  employed  in 
the  production  and  merchandising  of  Southern 
Pine  lumber,  and  5,400  sawmills  were  engaged 
in  manufacturing  that  material  last  year. 
In  addition  to  some  30,000  sawmills  in  the 
United  States  engaged  in  converting  the  raw 
material — sawlogs — into  various  forms,  there 
are  more  than  seventy-five  thousand  kindred 
industries  employed  in  converting  sawmill 
products  into  more  highly  manufactured  articles 
for  innumerable  uses. 


[3! 


Modernizing  a  Great  Industry 


|HE  American  lumberman,  intrepid 
pioneer  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  term, 
has  been  a  tremendous  force  in  hasten- 
ing industrial  expansion  and  development.  He 
has  penetrated  the  forest  wildernesses,  remote 
and  uninhabited,  and  has  converted  them  into 
community  centers  and  highways  of  traffic. 
He  has  hewn  out  roads,  built  railways,  opened 
up  waterways  to  navigation,  constructed  towns 
and  cities,  developed  latent  natural  resources, 
and  peopled  the  greater  part  of  states  with 
thriving,  prosperous  residents.  He  has  opened 
up  extensive  sections  to  varied  agricultural  and 
commercial  development,  and  has  supplied 
all  the  conveniences  for  transportation  and 
trade,  the  lack  of  which  is  the  most  formidable 
hardship  of  pioneering  in  "new"  countries. 
The  methods  employed  in  lumbering  oper- 
ations vary  with  differences  of  topography  and 
climate,  but  everywhere  in  America  the 
industry  has  been  thoroughly  "modernized." 
Improvements  over  primitive  methods  of  early 
days  have  been  made  in  all  branches  of  the 
industry,  and  every  year  new  mechanical 
devices  are  adopted  to  increase  efficiency  of 
production  and  to  save  waste.  The  modern 
lumber  manufacturing  plant  includes  an  enor- 
mous amount  of  ponderous  machinery  and 
other  equipment,  as  well  as  housing  facilities 
for  many  hundreds  of  employees,  and  repre- 
sents an  investment  of  capital,  aside  from  the 
cost  of  standing  timber,  that  frequently  runs 
into  the  millions.  In  Southern  Pine  lumbering 
operations,  logs  are  transported  from  the  woods 
to  the  sawmill  by  steam  railway,  and  as 
branches  and  spurs  of  these  logging  roads 
are  constantly  being  shifted,  the  lumber- 
man's railroad  building  activities  never  end. 
Logging  camps,  established  in  the  depths  of 
the  forest  and  frequently  providing  living 
quarters  for  several  hundred  woodsmen  and 
their  families,  also  must  be  shifted  to  keep 
pace  with  the  woods  operations — a  task  as 
formidable  in  its  entirety  as  moving  bodily  a 
good  sized  village.  The  business  of  lumbering 
as  it  is  carried  on  today  in  the  Southern  Pine 
forests  is,  in  fact,  an  impressive  demonstration 


of  man's  ingenuity  in  adapting  powerful  me- 
chanical forces  to  his  daily  need  of  mastering 
difficulties  and  handling  extremely  heavy,  bulky 
and  clumsy  materials  rapidly  and  effectively. 
Lumbering  was  the  first  American  industry, 
for  the  very  good  reason  that  the  colonists 
were  compelled  to  cut  down  trees  from  which  to 
build  themselves  shelter.  Forest  products 
also  were  among  the  first  materials  exported 
from  this  country,  as  there  was  an  immediate 
demand  from  England  for  material  for  ship- 
building, especially  masts  and  spars  cut  from 
the  towering  pines  that  abounded  along  the 
New  England  coast.  In  those  early  days 
trees  were  felled  with  axes  and  split  and 
worked  into  rough  lumber  with  the  same  or 
similar  implements,  because  saws  were  scarce 
and  hard  to  get.  Our  forefathers  evolved  and 
improvised  logging  and  wood-working  devices 
as  necessity  demanded — they  had  no  precedent 
to  guide  them,  for  the  reason  there  were  no 
such  things  as  sawmills  in  England,  and  the 
colonists  had  no  knowledge  of  them.  Then, 
and  since  until  recent  years,  logs  were  hauled 
from  the  woods  by  horse  power  or  by  slow 
plodding  oxen.  Lumber  had  absolutely  no 
value  then,  except  that  represented  in  the 
labor  of  producing  it.  For  many  years  the 
Virginia  colonists  esteemed  the  imported,  hand- 
wrought  nails,  used  in  building  their  homes,  of 
more  value  than  the  wood  with  which  the 
dwellings  were  framed.  It  became  the  general 
custom  when  a  colonist  moved  from  one 
locality  to  another,  for  him  to  burn  his  house 
in  order  to  salvage  the  nails  for  the  construction 
of  another.  This  practice  became  so  destructive 
to  houses  in  the  older  established  communities 
that  a  law  was  passed,  providing  that,  when  a 
resident  determined  to  move,  a  board  of 
appraisers  should  estimate  the  quantity  and 
value  of  the  nails  in  his  house  and  that  he  be 
compensated  for  these,  so  that  he  would  not 
destroy  his  old  dwelling. 
/  The  necessity  for  quantity  production, 
economy  of  operations,  closer  utilization  of  all 
useful  portions  of  trees,  and  for  transporting 
sawlogs  long  distances  overland  to  the  mills, 


[4] 


Tono-ReLL 


all  have  had  a  part  in  developing  remarkable 
mechanical  aids  to  lumber  manufacture.  Today 
trees  still  are  felled  by  hand,  because  two  men 
equipped  with  a  crosscut  saw  have  proved  the 
most  effective  and  economical  combination 
for  that  work.  In  Southern  Pine  forests  the 
woodsman's  axe  is  an  obsolete  implement, 
except  for  notching  trees  and  trimming  the 
fallen  trunks.  Railroad  spurs  penetrate  to 
the  remotest  depths  of  the  forests,  and  on  these 
giant  steam  skidders  are  brought  to  the  scene 
of  the  logging  operations.  The  skidders  are 
equipped  with  long  cables  attached  to  drums, 
and  these  cables,  armed  with  steel  tongs, 
reach  hundreds  of  feet  into  the  woods,  seize 
the  fallen  trunks  and  yank  them  swiftly  to  the 
side  of  the  railroad;  there  to  be  seized  by 
steam  loaders,  hoisted  whirling  into  the  air 
and  piled  neatly  and  securely  on  cars  placed 
to  receive  them.  As  each  car  is  loaded  to 
capacity  it  makes  way  for  another,  and  when 
a  train  load  is  made  up  they  are  hauled  away  to 
the  mill,  ending  their  journey  in  the  mill  pond. 
In  contrast  to  the  primitive  methods  of  early 
days,  the  mechanical  equipment  today  is  such 
that  the  sawlog  is  scarcely  "touched  by  human 
hands"  from  the  standing  tree  until  it  has  been 
worked  into  the  rougher  forms  of  lumber  by 
the  great  band  saws  in  the  mills.  So  rapid 
and  so  efficient  are  the  methods  of  handling 
and  the  processes  of  manufacture  now  that  a 
modern  sawmill  may  produce  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  board  feet  of  lumber,  worked  into 
a  multitude  of  forms,  every  working  day  in  the 
year,  and  standing  trees  may  be  felled,  trimmed, 
loaded,  hauled  twenty  miles  or  more  to  the 
mill,  and  converted  into  highly  finished  prod- 
ucts, all  within  the  space  of  a  few  hours. 

The  interior  of  a  well  equipped  sawmill  is  a 
roaring  maelstrom  of  ponderous  and  intricate 
machinery,  moving  at  tremendous  speed,  and 
controlled  and  directed  by  a  swarm  of  workmen, 
each  highly  skilled  in  his  allotted  task.  From 
the  second  that  the  great  sawlogs  enter  the 
mill  via  an  endless  chain  conveyor  and  take 
their  initial  plunge  into  the  teeth  of  the 


singing  band  saws,  the  journey  never  halts 
until  the  logs,  transformed  into  various  sizes 
and  shapes  of  building  material,  are  delivered 
on  the  docks  for  stacking  in  the  yards  or  more 
rapid  seasoning  in  the  dry  kilns.  Utilization 
of  the  material  in  the  log  has  reached  the 
point  where  there  is  very  little  left  of  com- 
mercial value.  Bark,  sawdust  and  edgings 
trimmed  from  boards  supply  the  fuel  required 
to  produce  steam  power  for  the  mill  machin- 
ery, and  in  some  instances  when  this  waste 
material  exceeds  the  fuel  requirements,  it 
is  subjected  to  distillation  for  the  extraction 
of  turpentine  and  pine  oils,  or  converted  into 
pulp  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  and  con- 
tainer board. 

The  unavoidable  waste  of  raw  material  in 
the  manufacture  of  lumber  has  always  been 
most  pronounced  in  the  forest.  There  is  still 
waste  there,  and  there  always  will  be  until  the 
consumers  of  forest  products  will  accept 
material  that  can  be  made  from  this  waste 
and  in  such  quantity  as  to  justify  its  conser- 
vation. While  to  the  casual  observer  the  tree 
tops  left  in  the  woods  might  seem  wanton 
waste,  to  the  lumberman  they  are  reluctantly 
relinquished  portions  of  his  property,  sacrificed 
to  freight  rates  and  lack  of  market;  the 
lumberman  is  too  good  a  business  man  to 
deliberately  abandon  material  that  might  be 
utilized  at  a  profit,  or  even  at  cost.  As  it  is 
all  waste  is  being  eliminated  as  rapidly  as 
possible.  Time  was  when  the  lumberman 
placed  so  little  value  on  standing  timber  and 
was  limited  to  such  primitive  and  crude 
devices  for  the  manufacture  of  lumber  that  he 
attempted  to  utilize  only  the  choicest  portions 
of  the  best  trees,  frequently  felling  many  that 
he  later  Deemed  unworthy  of  making  any  use 
of  whatever.  Today  the  lumberman  has  the 
keenest  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  tree, 
and  equipped  with  a  great  variety  of  mar- 
velously  efficient  machinery,  he  strives  con- 
stantly to  devise  new  means  of  utilizing  even 
the  most  insignificant  portions  of  the  trees 
he  fells. 


15] 


Tone-Reix 


mmm* 


Community  Life  in  the  Lumber  Industry 


HE  manufacture  of  lumber  differs 
from  other  great  industries  in  that  it 
is  carried  on  in  localities  remote  from 
centers  of  population.  Forest  areas  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  warrant  lumber  operations 
involving  the  initial  investment  of  millions 
of  dollars  are  naturally  in  regions  sparsely 
inhabited,  so  the  lumberman  is  compelled 
to  carry  there  not  only  all  of  the  mechan- 
ical equipment  required,  but  to  provide  all 
the  necessities  of  life  for  himself  and  the 
thousands  of  workers  he  must  have  about  him. 
That  necessity  has  resulted  in  some  amazing 
feats  of  community  development,  particularly 
in  the  South.  In  the  great  forest  areas  of  the 


southern  states  there  have  been  scores  of 
instances  where  tinibered  wildernesses  have 
been  transformed  **  almost  over  night  into 
populous  cities,  substantial,  attractive,  and 
equipped  with  all  the  utilities  and  conveniences 
of  modern  life.  These  are  not  "mushroom" 
growths  in  any  sense  except  that  of  their 
sudden  development,  but  are  in  fact  permanent 
additions  to  the  country's  urban  communities. 
They  are  made  up  of  comfortable  homes,  good 
stores  and  well  designed  public  buildings, 
churches,  hospitals  and  schools,  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  best  type  of  American  popu- 
lation centers.  When  the  lumber  industry  has 
ceased  to  be  of  dominant  importance  in  these 


These  pic  tures  show  types  of  workmen's  homes  at  Long-Bell  mill  towns  and  logging  camps. 


[6] 


ESSSS^-.---* 


Tono-ReLL 


communities  they  will  be  amply  sustained 
from  other  sources,  and,  because  of  their  very 
size  and  importance,  will  have  hastened  the 
agricultural  development  of  the  surrounding 
country  made  available  by  the  operations  of 
the  lumberman.  While  many  of  these  towns 
and  cities  in  the  South  today  have  already 
outgrown  a  condition  of  dependence  on  the 
lumber  industry  and  are  peopled  by  a  forward- 
looking  citizenry,  fully  capable  of  creating  and 
conducting  independent  industries,  they  never- 
theless must  always  remain  monuments  to 
the  pioneering  spirit  and  enterprise  of  the 
lumberman. 

It  appears  that  people,  not  houses,  make 
cities.  The  largest  and  most  pretentious 
assemblage  of  dwellings  and  other  structures, 
if  uninhabited,  soon  would  be  in  effect  a  desert, 
whereas  the  chosen  abiding  place  of  a  thousand 
or  so  men,  women  and  children  quickly  takes 


on  all  the  physical  and  social  aspects  of  a  city. 
Sawmills  have  been  the  nucleus  of  some  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  progressive  communities 
of  the  South,  and  those  who  dwell  in  "sawmill 
towns,"  whether  or  not  their  livelihood  is 
derived  from  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  are 
fully  as  contented  and  comfortable  as  their 
brethren  who  live  in  older  centers  of  more 
obscure  origin.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  one  of  the 
best  evidences  of  general  community  well- 
being  in  southern  sawmill  towns  is  that  they 
always  have  been  singularly  free  from  industrial 
disturbances  and  from  the  perpetual  labor 
"turnover"  which  burdens  industry  elsewhere. 
There  are  fewer  of  the  "drifter"  type  of  work- 
men in  the  southern  lumber  industry,  probably, 
than  anywhere  else  in  the  country,  and  a  large 
percentage  of  the  employees  of  the  large  mills 
are  men  who  have  been  with  the  same  com- 
panies from  five  to  twenty  years. 


Life  in  Logging  Camps 


HE  old  time  logging  camp  of  the 
north  woods  was  a  mere  group  of 
rough  shacks  —  one  or  more  bunk 
houses,  a  cook  and  dining  shack,  a  shelter  for 
horses,  one  about  as  bad  as  the  others. 
There  was  no  attempt  at  comfort,  sanita- 


tion, or  facilities  for  physical  or  mental 
recreation.  And  the  woodsmen  who  occupied 
these  camps  were  fully  as  rough  and  uncouth 
as  their  habitations  —  hard  working,  hard 
fighting,  hard  drinking,  semi-lawless  characters, 
many  of  whom  toiled  for  months  to  the  sole 


Y.  M.  C.  A.  at  BonamI,  Louisiana. 


11] 


Tono-Reix 


end  of  accumulating  money  sufficient  for  a 
prolonged  spree  at  the  finish.  Logging 
operations  then  were  carried  on  there  for  the 
most  part  during  the  winter  season,  in  a  bitterly 
cold  climate;  the  work  was  a  severe  tax  on  the 
strength  of  the  most  powerful  men,  and  none 
was  expected  to  brave  the  hardships  and 
privations  unless  he  was  of  exceptionally 
tough  fibre. 

A  similar  indifference  to  the  worker's 
welfare  at  one  time  characterized  southern 
lumber  camps.  The  mild  climate  permitted 
logging  operations  to  continue  throughout  the 
year,  and  there  was  no  bitter  cold  to  be  endured, 
but  there  was  pretty  much  the  same  condition 
otherwise.  That,  however,  is  a  condition  that 
exists  no  longer.  Lumbermen,  like  other  large 
employers  of  labor,  discovered  long  since  that 
social  welfare,  cleanly  personal  habits,  healthful 
diversion — mental,  moral  and  physical  well- 
being — are  essential  to  highest  efficiency  and 
stability  in  a  force  of  workers. 

The  typical  southern  logging  camp  today, 
though  it  may  be  twenty  miles  or  more  from 
an  established  town  and  subject  to  being 
removed  at  any  time,  more  nearly  resembles 
a  staid  and  eminently  respectable  village  than 
it  does  the  camp  of  early  days.  These  camps, 
formerly  jumbled  together  without  regard  to 
arrangement  or  order,  and  inhabited  by  men 
only,  now  are  laid  out  according  to  orderly 
plan,  are  neat  and  clean,  and  women  and 


children  are  as  numerous  as  in  any  permanent 
settlement  of  like  population.  The  inhabitants 
frequenty  number  hundreds,  and  while  the 
dwellings  they  occupy  are  sectional  houses  and 
portable,  they  are  comfortable  and  home-like. 
There  are  electric  lights,  telephones,  shower 
baths,  daily  mail  service,  stores,  schools,  a 
public  library,  and  community  centers  where 
there  are  club  rooms,  an  auditorium  for 
church  services,  motion  picture  shows  and  other 
public  gatherings.  The  isolation  of  these 
workers,  living  under  healthful  and  wholesome 
conditions,  has  fostered  the  community  spirit 
to  a  degree  where  any  disturbing  element  of 
disorder  or  lawlessness  would  be  instantly 
suppressed  by  unanimous  action.  A  police 
force  is  not  necessary  for  these  temporary 
"towns"  in  the  depths  of  the  forests — every 
man  dweller  in  them  is  a  volunteer  policeman 
on  his  own  account,  vigilant  to  maintain  the 
serenity  of  his  community.  Of  healthful 
recreation  there  is  plenty,  community  interests 
are  everybody's  interests,  and  the  net  result 
is  contentment,  good  health,  and  a  uniform 
condition  of  industrial  harmony.  Instead  of 
being  an  existence  lonely,  monotonous  and 
full  of  hardship,  life  in  the  model  lumber 
camp  today — and  most  of  them  are  models — 
is  such  that  the  inclination  to  seek  diversion 
elsewhere  is  less  pronounced  than  in  the 
average  established  town  lying  within  reason- 
ably easy  reach  of  a  large  city. 


Lumber  in  the  Making 


HE  appraising  eye  of  the  lumberman 
sees  in  standing  trees  many  qualities 
that  are  hidden  from  the  casual 
observer,  and  it  is  this  ability  to  judge  that 
guides  him  in  choosing  the  field  of  his  forest 
operations.  Density  of  growth,  the  fre- 
quency with  which  high  winds  may  visit  a 
certain  locality,  climate  and  soil  —  all  have 
an  influence  on  the  structure  of  wood  in 
trees,  and  all  these  conditions  are  considered 
by  the  lumberman  before  he  begins  operations 
for  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  When  trees 
stand  uniformly  upright  with  few  leaning  from 
the  perpendicular,  and  with  dead  branches 


remaining  on  the  tree,  the  lumberman  knows 
high  winds  are  rare  and,  because  of  the  dead 
limbs  remaining  in  place,  the  lumber  made 
from  such  trees  will  be  knotty.  In  the  great 
Southern  Pine  forest  the  trees  that  grow  in 
stiff,  compact  earth  are  in  their  structure 
harder,  heavier  and  more  pitchy  than  trees 
which  grow  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  because  the 
firm  earth  holds  the  tree  roots  rigidly  and  the 
trees  sway  and  bend  above  the  stump  when 
disturbed  by  winds.  The  denser  the  growth 
of  pines,  the  fewer  the  branches  on  the  trees, 
because  the  growth  energy  under  such  con- 


[8] 


Tone-Reix 


Southern  Pine  tree  trunks.  The  falling  tree. 

Low  cut  stumps  save  waste. 

Showing  the  bending  strength  of  Southern  Pine. 


~-"»i«>i          ' 


Stump,  butt  and  length  of  log. 
Illustrating  the  tensile  strength  of 
Southern  Pine. 


ditions  is  expended  principally  in  the  struggle 
to  reach  upward  to  the  sunlight. 

The  first  step  in  extensive  lumbering 
operations  is  to  build  a  railroad  from  the  saw- 
mill into  the  timber,  this  serving  as  a  main  line 
to  which  spurs  and  lateral  lines  will  be  joined 
as  the  work  progresses.  The  main  line  is  of 
more  or  less  "permanent"  construction,  but 
the  lines  running  from  this  artery  are  con- 
stantly being  shifted,  so  that  in  "logging" 


Southern  Pine  forests  railroad  lines  are  con- 
stantly being  torn  up  and  relaid. 

After  the  railroad  builders  come  the  logging 
crews,  the  workmen  who  actually  fell  the  trees 
and  assemble  them  for  their  journey  to  the 
mill.  The  log  cutters  work  in  pairs,  a  right- 
handed  and  a  left-handed  man  in  each  pair. 
The  implements  with  which  they  work  are  a 
cross-cut  saw,  an  axe,  an  assortment  of  thin 
wooden  wedges,  and  a  bottle  of  kerosene  with 


[9] 


Tpne-ReLL 


-.jT^ 


which  to  oil  the  saw.  The  trees  are  first 
"notched"  on  the  side  toward  which  they 
are  to  fall,  that  the  tree  may  not  split  as 
it  starts  to  descend.  That  done,  the 
saw  is  started  into  the  tree  on  the 
opposite  side.  If  the  tree  settles  in 
its  position  and  "pinches"  the  saw, 


Mechanical  equipment  Is  employed  in  modern  logging  operations.     These  views  show  steam  skldders  and  loaders 
assembling  the  fallen  logs  and  loading  them  on  cars;    also  a  type  of  woods  locomotive. 


[10] 


the  wedges  are  introduced  to  relieve  the 
pressure,  and  the  sawing  continues  until 
the  tree  is  severed  and  crashes  to  the 
ground.  The  giant  trunks,  comparatively 
free  of  limbs,  produce  a  peculiar  and  far- 
reaching  sound  as  they  strike  the  earth 
—a  resonant  and  sonorous  "boom," 
like  the  muffled  report  of  a  cannon 
shot  far  away.  When  a  large  gang  of 
loggers  is  cutting  down  trees  the  incessant 
"boom-boom"  of  the  falling  trunks,  rever- 


Logs  beginning  their  journey  to  the  sawmill.    Above,  logs  assembled  for  loading;  below,  a  4-line  skidder  and 
loader  handling  logs  at  the  rate  of  seventy  million  feet  a  year. 


[11] 


berating  through  the  forest  aisles,  is  more  sug- 
gestive of  a  distant  battle  than  of  the  progress 
of  a  peaceful  industry. 

The  log  cutters  trim  the  branches  from  the 
fallen  trunks  with  the  axe,  and  saw  off  the 
small  tops.  Frequently  the  long  main  trunk 
is  sawed  into  two  or  more  lengths,  according 
to  requirements  for  the  class  of  material  being 
manufactured  at  the  mill. 

Hard  upon  the  heels  of  the  log  cutters 
comes  the  skidding  and  loading  crew.  Methods 
differ  in  this  work,  according  to  the  topography 
of  the  country,  the  class  of  timber  and  density 
of  undergrowth,  but  the  most  economical  and 
most  efficient  operation  is  to  assemble  and 
load  the  logs  by  machinery.  Frequently  one 
ponderous  machine,  a  combined  skidder  and 
loader,  which  "straddles"  the  logging  railway, 
supplies  the  power  for  both  operations.  Long 
steel  skidder  cables,  with  "grabs"  like  ice- 
tongs  attached,  are  hauled  from  the  skidder  to 
the  fallen  logs  by  stout  horses,  ridden  by  boys; 
or  by  the  most  modern  method,  the  cables  are 
steam-hauled  on  trolleys  by  what  is  known  as 
the  "re-haul."  The  grab  is  attached  to  a 
fallen  log  by  a  "grab  setter,"  a  signal  is  passed 
to  the  operator  known  as  the  "drum  puller" 
on  the  skidder,  and  as  the  steam  power  is 
applied  a  drum  or  winch  reels  in  the  cable 
and  the  log  races  to  the  side  of  the  skidder. 
There  the  logs  are  seized  by  a  cable  from  a 
loading  boom,  hoisted  into  the  air,  and  deposited 


on  log  cars  set  to  receive  them.  As  each  car  is 
loaded  to  capacity  it  is  pulled  forward  to  make 
way  for  an  empty  car,  the  operation  being 
repeated  until  a  train  load  of  logs  is  made  up. 

Prosy  description  can  give  little  idea  of  the 
spectacular  and  strenuous  activity  of  logging 
forces  at  work  in  the  woods.  Horses  and  men 
rushing  to  and  fro,  seemingly  in  constant  and 
imminent  peril  from  falling  trees;  giant  logs, 
with  skidder  cables  attached,  plunging  through 
the  undergrowth  on  their  way  to  the  skidder, 
there  to  be  tossed  into  the  air  and  whirled 
dexterously  into  place  on  the  log  cars;  the 
"boom-boom"  of  falling  trees,  the  roar  of 
steam  exhausts,  engines  puffing,  workmen 
shouting  warnings  and  instructions — all  con- 
tribute to  a  medley  that  makes  the  forest 
seethe  with  motion  and  resound  with  a  con- 
fusion of  noises. 

When  train  loads  of  logs  hauled  from  the 
woods  reach  the  mill,  possibly  twenty  miles  or 
more  distant,  they  are  automatically  dumped 
into  the  mill  pond.  This  pond  is  common  to 
all  Southern  Pine  sawmill  plants,  for  the 
reason  that  logs  can  be  handled,  sorted  and 
stored  in  water  more  economically  than  in  any 
other  way,  and  are  there  preserved  against 
decay  and  injury  from  wood  destroying  insects 
while  awaiting  their  final  journey  to  the  saws. 

The  logs  make  their  entrance  into  the  mill 
over  an  inclined  chute  equipped  with  an 
endless  spiked  chain  conveyor.  The  logs  are 


A  train  of  Southern  Pine  lofts  on  the  way  to  the  sawmill. 


[12] 


Sawmill  Plants  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company. 

(Top    California  White  Pine  Plant,  Weed,  Calif.    (Center)  Southern  Pine  Plant,  Ludlngton,  La. 
(Bottom)     Hardwood  Plant.  Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 


[13] 


Tone-ReLL 


Sawmill  Plants  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company. 

(Top)    Southern  Pine  Plant,  Doucette,  Texas.    (Center)     Southern  Pine  Plant,  DeRidder,  La. 
(Bottom)     Southern  Pine  Plant,  Wood  worth.  La. 


[14] 


_>__I_J_1T 


Tone-ReLL 


Sawmill  Plants  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company. 

(Top)    Southern  Pine  Plant,  Lake  Charles,  La.      (Center)    Southern  Pine  Plant,  Qultman,  Miss. 
(Bottom)     Southern  Pine  Plant,  Bonami.  La. 


(15) 


[one-Reix 


Sawmill  Plants  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company. 

(Top)     Southern  Pine  Plant,  Lufkin,  Texas.    (Center)      Shortleaf  Southern  Pine  and  Gum  Plant,  Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

(Bottom)     Southern  Pine  Plant,  Longville,  La. 


[16] 


TonG-Reix 


The  log  carriage,  which  carries  the  logs  to  the  band  saw,  is  a  ponderous  piece  of  mechanical  equipment, 
spectacular  in  its  operation.     The  carriage  is  manned  by  a  crew  of  four  to  six  workmen. 


floated  into  place  until  one  end  is  brought  into 
contact  with  the  conveyor,  when  they  are 
caught  by  the  chain  spikes  and  lifted  from  the 
water  and  up  the  chute.  As  they  enter  upon 
the  "log  deck"  inside  the  mill  they  pass  under 
the  inspection  of  a  sealer  and  deck-saw  man, 
skilled  in  judging  the  size  and  quality  of  the 
logs  and  their  fitness  for  conversion  into  certain 
forms  of  lumber.  If  a  log  chance  to  be  of  very 
large  size,  free  from  imperfections  and  dense 
in  its  structural  fibre,  the  deck-sawyer  may 
permit  it  to  pass  on  its  way,  to  be  squared  and 
dressed  into  a  great  timber  suitable  for  use  in 
heavy  construction.  If  it  might  better  serve 
some  other  purpose,  the  deck-sawyer  halts  the 
progress  of  the  log,  and  with  the  pressure  of  a 
lever  a  giant  circular  saw  descends,  cutting 
the  log  in  two  with  the  speed  and  seeming  ease 
of  a  knife  cleaving  new  cheese.  From  the  log 
deck  the  log  or  each  of  its  sections  is  "kicked" 
by  steam-driven  steel  arms  onto  a  skidway, 
down  which  it  rolls  to  a  resting  place  in  front 
of  the  band-saw  carriage. 

The  band-saw,  the  carriage  and  all  of    the 
"rig"  pertaining  thereto  are  highly  important 


parts  of  sawmill  equipment,  under  the  control 
of  one  of  the  most  important  and  highly 
skilled  workmen  in  the  mill — the  sawyer.  A 
good  sawyer  not  only  must  know  the  anat- 
omy of  a  tree  and  be  able  to  judge  it  at 
a  glance,  but  he  must  be  extremely  sensi- 
tive to  the  amount  of  force  at  his  com- 
mand, represented  in  the  complex  mass  of 
powerful,  steam-driven  machinery  he  con- 
trols, and  be  able  to  divide  his  attention 
into  three  or  four  channels  at  the  same 
time  and  all  the  time  he  is  on  duty.  He 
directs  and  regulates  the  speed  of  the  log 
carriage,  using  both  hands  and  feet  in  applying 
and  cutting  off  steam  power;  manipulates  the 
log  on  the  carriage  as  it  travels  to  and  from  the 
saw;  determines  the  size  of  every  cut  made 
from  the  log,  and  meanwhile  is  constantly 
"sizing-up"  and  classifying  the  log  as  cut 
after  cut  is  removed — all  simultaneously.  A 
crew  of  three  to  six  men  ride  on  the  log  carriage 
and  manipulate  the  "setting"  device  and  the 
"dogs"  which  hold  the  log  in  place  while  it  is 


[17] 


Tone-Ren, 


Southern  Pine  logs  of  exceptional  size  ready  to  go  onto  the  carriage  and  be  converted 
into  timbers  suitable  for  heavy  construction. 


being  sawed.  These  workmen  take  their 
orders  from  the  sawyer,  receiving  them  in 
the  form  of  signals  made  with  the  fingers, 
since  the  incessant  roar  of  ponderous  machinery 
moving  at  top  speed  makes  speech  inaudible. 
The  log  carriage  moves  to  and  from  the 
band  saw  at  a  rate  that  makes  riding  upon  it 
seem  precarious  work,  requiring  close  attention 
to  the  business  in  hand,  and  at  each  trip  a 
slab  or  plank  is  ripped  from  the  log.  The 
slabs,  or  outer  cuts  of  the  log,  fall  upon  running 
rolls  and  are  hurried  to  a  machine  called  a 
slasher,  which  cuts  them  into  four  foot  lengths 
for  lath  stock.  Planks  or  boards  cut  from  the 
log  pass  over  conveyors  to  the  edger,  a  machine 
which,  at  the  direction  of  the  operator,  may 
merely  trim  the  bark  edges  from  the  planks  or 
may  rip  them  into  various  combinations  of 
widths.  From  the  rear  table  of  the  edger  the 
boards  drop  to  conveyors  which  carry  them  to 
the  trimmer,  where  they  have  faulty  ends 


removed  and  defects  cut  out.  This  accom- 
plished, the  resulting  product  is  finished  rough 
green  lumber,  and  the  first  important  step  in 
the  manufacture  of  logs  into  building  material 
is  completed. 

The  portion  of  the  lumber  that  is  to  be 
kiln  dried  drops  into  a  conveyor  on  live  rolls 
and  is  carried  to  the  drop  sorter,  where  it  is 
automatically  separated  as  to  lengths,  and  is 
loaded  on  small  trucks  or  kiln  cars  of  about 
four  thousand  feet  to  the  car,  by  which  means 
it  is  conveyed  to  the  dry  kiln.  The  portion 
that  is  to  be  air  dried  drops  from  the  trimmer 
into  another  conveyor  on  live  rolls  and  is 
carried  to  a  long  sorting  table,  at  which  point 
it  is  separated  as  to  grades  and  lengths,  and 
loaded  on  trucks  for  conveying  to  the  yard 
for  drying. 

When  the  sawyer  in  control  of  the  band-saw 
decides  that  a  log  is  best  suited  to  manufacture 
into  a  structural  timber,  the  log  is  merely 


[18] 


Tone-Reix 


The  trimmer,  composed  of  many  circular  saws,  which  cut  out 
knots  and  remove  other  defects. 

stripped  of  slabs  and  squared  up  before  it 
leaves  the  log  carriage.  These  timbers  are 
dropped  upon  live  rolls  and  conveyed  to  the 
back  end  of  the  mill,  where  they  are  carefully 
trimmed  to  proper  lengths  and  graded.  From 
this  point  they  pass  to  the  timber  dock  and 
from  there  are  loaded  directly  to  railroad  cars 
for  shipment. 


(Above)    A  gang  saw,  the  machine  which  is  used  largely  in  the 
production  of  boards  and  light  dimension. 

(At  Left)  The  edger,  which  removes  the  bark  edges, 
and  rips  the  stock  to  size. 


In  other  instances  the  log  is  squared  and 
then  sent  to  the  gang  saw,  where  it  is  converted 
into  a  number  of  boards  at  one  operation. 
These  boards  pass  over  conveyors  to  the  edger 
and  from  there  follow  the  same  course  as  the 
boards  cut  by  the  band-saw. 

The  better  grades  of  Southern  Pine  lumber 
are  usually  kiln  dried,  and  at  some  plants  all 
the  lumber  products,  except  timbers,  are  so 
treated.  The  kiln  drying  is  actually  a  rapid 
seasoning  process  by  which  the  material  is 
made  fit  for  building  use  in  from  three  to  six 
days  and  as  completely  seasoned  as  can  be 
done  in  the  open  air  in  many  months. 

The  process  of  kiln  drying  lumber  intended 
for  manufacture  into  highly  finished  products 
is  an  operation  requiring  painstaking  care  in 
the  regulation  of  heat  and  moisture.  Safe  limits 
of  temperature  and  humidity  differ  widely  for 
different  kinds  and  thicknesses  of  wood. 
Valuable  high  grade  material  where  joints, 
mortises,  glued  construction,  re-sawing  and 
shaping  are  involved  must  not  only  be  free 
from  check,  splits  and  warping,  but  must  be 


[191 


A  sawmill  filing  room  where  the  great  band  and  circular  saws  are  sharpened  by  automatic  machinery. 

free  from  brittleness,  case  hardening  and  inter- 
nal stresses,  and  therefore  dried  to  a  uniform 
moisture  content.  For  uses  in  which  the 
highest  quality  of  material  is  not  essential  or 
desired,  or  when  certain  reduction  in  quality 
is  permitted,  somewhat  different  degrees  of 
temperature  and  humidity  are  used  to  produce 
more  rapid  drying,  according  to  the  re- 
quirements and  judgment  of  the  operator. 
From  the  kilns  the  lumber  is  run  into  cooling 
sheds,  where  it  is  allowed  to  stand  until  the 
moisture  content  of  the  lumber  has  been 
equalized  with  that  of  the  surrounding  atmos- 
phere. After  this  cooling  process  the  lumber 
is  removed  from  the  kiln  cars,  assorted  as  to  sizes 
and  lengths,  and  is  ready  to  be  sent  to  rough 
sheds  for  storage,  or  to  the  planing  mill  for 


Soda  dipping  the  common  grades  of  air-dried  lumber  to  prevent 
discoloration  or  sap  stain. 


manufacture  into  the  finished  forms  for  which 
it  may  be  best  suited. 

The    planing    mill   is   an    important    and 
necessary  part  of  a    lumber    manufacturing 


[20] 


Tone-Reix 


Dry  Kilns.    Lumber  in  the  foreground  that  has  been  in  the  kiln  from  72 
Tt0  i.   hours-     2.    Lumber  ready  for  kilns.     6.    Kiln  car  of  lath. 
7.   Lath  mill.   Slabs  on  conveyor  chain  show  class  of  material  saved  from  waste 
by  being  made  into  lath. 


3.  Automatic  take-down,  unloads  an  average 

kiln  car  In  twelve  and  one-half  minutes. 

4.  A  kiln  car  of  lumber. 

5.  Grader  at  work  on  dry  chain.    Every  piece 
is  graded  carefully  as  it  passes    him  on 
the  slow  moving  chains. 

plant,  and  special  machines  work 
the  material  into  a  multitude  of 
products  required  for  general 
building  purposes,  from  plain 
dressed  boards  and  dimension  to 
flooring,  ceiling,  siding,  moulding, 
partition,  casing,  base,  window 
and  door  jambs,  etc. 

Planing  mill  products  generally 
are  ready  for  shipment  as  soon 
as  they  complete  their  journey 
through  the  mill,  and  usually 
are  loaded  on  cars  direct. 


[21] 


Tone-Reix 


••••i 


A  big  planing  mill  where  rough  lumber  is  surfaced  and  worked  into  flooring,  ceiling,  siding,  shiplap,  and  many  other  forms.     Like 

the  sawmills,  the  planing  mills  use  sawdust  and  shavings  for  fuel. 


Interior  of  planing  mill,  showing  lumber  in  the  various  stages  of  manufacture  into  many  forms. 


[22] 


Sar 


(is 


Tone-ReLL 


Another  of  The  Long-Bell  planing  mills  where  rough  lumber  is  worked  into  flooring,  ceiling,  shiplap,  siding 
and  many  other  finished  forms  for  interior  and  exterior  house  trim. 


Another  view  suggesting  the  complicated  character  of  modern  planing  mill  equipment. 


ronG-Reix 


Sorting  sheds  where  green  lumber  is  sorted  as  to  length,  width  and  thickness,  preparatory  to  yard  storage. 


Lumber  on  the  yard  is  piled  with  care  and  precision,  that  it  may  air-dry  properly  and  without  injury  from  the  weather. 


[24] 


FonG-ReLL 


Quality  in  Lumber 


UR  forefathers,  when  they  shouldered 
their  axes  and  went  to  the  forests 
in  quest  of  the  wherewith  to  build, 
exercised  far  more  care  and  discrimination 
in  selecting  material  best  suited  to  their  needs 
than  most  people  do  in  buying  building 


material  today.  To  the  majority  lumber  is 
just  lumber,  and  since  they  have  no  exten- 
sive technical  knowledge  of  its  various  species, 
forms  and  grades,  they  buy  and  use  it  some- 
what blindly,  trusting  to  luck  that  it  will 
serve  its  particular  purpose  long  and  well. 


View  of  a  pile  of  lumber  air  drying  on  mill  yard. 

•••••••••••••••••••••i 

[25] 


Tone-Reix 


Big  timbers,  trade-marked  and  ready  for  use  In  many  forms  of  heavy  construction,  on  the  sawmill  loading  docks. 


A  car  of  big  timbers  ready  for  shipment. 
[26] 


Tono-ReLL 


Loading  a  big  car  of  Southern  Pine  Ship  timbers,  all  of  them  surfaced  on  four  sides. 
Several  of  these  timbers  are  14  x  14  inches  by  50  feet. 


Pile  of  big  Calcasieu  Southern  Pine  timbers  on  dock.     The  one  in  the  foreground  is  14  x!4  inches  by  53  feet. 

127] 


Tone-ReLL 


Loading  a  car  of  Calcasieu  long  leaf  Southern  Pine  timbers. 


Enormous  sums  could  be  saved  American 
builders  if  this  most  valuable  structural  ma- 
terial were  selected  and  used  with  the  same 
care  that  marks  the  utilization  of  other  im- 
portant commodities.  There  are  numerous 
species  of  wood  largely  used  in  building,  some 
adapted  to  a  very  extensive  and  others  a 


very  limited  number  of  uses;  there  may  be  a 
wide  variation  in  quality  of  lumber  of  the 
same  species,  and  there  is  an  important  saving 
in  utilizing  for  any  special  purpose  the  grade 
of  lumber  best  suited  to  that  purpose. 

Unfortunately,   selection   based   on   actual 
knowledge   of   quality   is   impossible   for   any 


These  timber  docks  have  a  capacity  of  800,000  feet  of  structural  material.     This  view  shows  only  one  side  of  the  docks. 


[28! 


except  the  specially  trained  builder,  and  even 
he  sometimes  is  unable  to  make  a  personal 
inspection  of  the  material  he  buys  before  it  is 
delivered  on  the  job.  It  is  a  fact,  however, 
that  lumber  is  being  manufactured  and  graded 
today  more  carefully  and  accurately  than  ever 
before,  and  the  buyer  who  makes  certain  of 
his  source  of  supply,  and  plainly  states  the 
intended  use  of  the  lumber  he  requires,  may  be 
protected  from  mistakes  in  quality  and  un- 
necessary expense.  It  is  entirely  possible 
today  to  obtain  lumber  which  bears  the 
manufacturer's  trade  mark — this  trade  mark 
carrying  with  it  a  guarantee  of  grade  and  quality. 
The  species  of  lumber  used  far  more  exten- 
sively than  any  other  for  general  building 
purposes  in  the  United  States  is  Southern  Pine. 


This  is  true  not  only  because  Southern  Pine 
is  more  plentiful  and  more  widely  distributed 
than  any  other  wood,  but  also  because  it  is 
adapted  to  the  greatest  number  of  uses.  While 
it  is  rated  as  a  "soft"  wood,  its  extraordinary 
strength  makes  it  first  choice  everywhere  for 
heavy  construction,  where  it  is  called  upon  to 
endure  extreme  stresses,  and  for  framing  in 
dwellings  and  similar  structures.  In  addition 
to  its  use  for  general  building  Southern  Pine 
is  consumed  in  enormous  quantities  in  the 


* 


Southern  Pine  timbers,  sound,  durable  and  surpassingly  strong,  find  one  of  their  most  important  uses  in  the  type  of 
industrial  building  known  as  mill-construction.     For  factories,  foundries,  warehouses,  storerooms,  and 
similar  structures,  this  method  of  construction  is  constantly  growing  in  favor. 


[29] 


Tone-Reix 


These  samples  indicate  the  beautiful  and  varied  grain  of  Southern  Pine  lumber.    There  is  absolutely  no  color  or  tone  effect  in 

perfect,  permanent  interior  finish  that  cannot  be  obtained  on  Southern  Pine,  at  the  same  time 

retaining  all  of  the  natural  beauty  in  all  of  the  varied  grain  of  the  wood. 


Southern  Pine  ceiling. 


Southern  Pine  vertical  grain  flooring. 


Southern  Pine  flat  grain  flooring. 


[30] 


is«sC  Tone-ReLL 

SSiBiMLi- 


manufacture  of  imple- 
ments, railway  equip- 
ment, boats  and  barges, 
and  more  than  eighty- 


The  upper  picture  shows  Long-Bell  lumber  storage  sheds  at  Longville,  La.,  with  a  storage 
capacity  of  twelve  million  board  feet  of  lumber.  The  lower  picture  shows  unseasoned 
lumber  on  the  "wet  end,"  waiting  to  go  into  the  dry  kilns.  Storage  sheds  in  background. 


five  per  cent  of  all  the 
wood  block  pavements 
and  floors  in  America 
is  of  that  wood. 

It  is  now  generally 
recognized  by  profes- 
sional builders  every- 
where that  the  strength 
and  durability  of  South- 
ern Pine  used  in  heavy 


Interior  of  an  oak  flooring  storage  shed. 
131] 


..- 

I 


Buckley;  built  by   J.  C    ^^^^* 
Nichols 

There  is  no  other  material  that  equals  wood  for  home  building.     It  best  of  all  imparts 
character,  individuality  and  the  real  home  atmosphere. 


This  Long-Bell  forked  leaf  oak  flooring  is  shown  just  as  it  came  from  the  factory.     It  has  not  been  scraped,  waxed 
or  varnished.     N7ote  its  beauty,  even  color,  remarkably  smooth  surface. 


[32] 


View  of  the  beautiful  ball  room  of  the  Hillcrest  Country  Club,  Kansas  City,  which  is  floored  with  Long-Bell  forked  leaf  oak  flooring. 


construction  is  determined  in  a  large  measure 
by  the  density  of  the  growth  rings  of  the  trees 
from  which  the  material  is  cut.  This  density 
may  vary  greatly  in  trees  of  the  same  species, 
the  locality  and  conditions  of  growth  have 
much  to  do  with  the  physical  structure  of  the 
wood  in  individual  trees.  It  is  an  established 


from  the  Calcasieu  district  of  southwestern 
Louisiana  and  from  southeastern  Texas. 
The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company  has  eight 
of  its  thirteen  mills  in  this  district,  and 
all  these  plants  specialize  in  the  manu- 
facture of  super-grade  material  for 
heavy  construction.  The  mills  are  equipped 


fact  that  much  of  the  densest,  and 
consequently  the  strongest  and  most 
durable,  Southern  Pine  timbers  come 


Storage  sheds  containing  the  higher  grades  of  lumber  in  flooring,  ceiling,  siding,  finish,  etc.     Lumber  is 
loaded  directly  into  railroad  cars  within  the  shed  shown  at  upper  left. 


[33] 


Tone-ReLL 


mmwm&mm 


Oak  timbers  for  railroad  and  other  heavy  construction  work. 


to  handle  readily  the  largest  trees  that 
come  from  the  woods  and  to  produce  tim- 
bers, either  in  the  rough  or  surfaced,  up 
to  sixty  feet  in  length.  These  timbers,  like 
other  products  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber 
Company,  are  trade  marked,  and  select  mate- 
rial of  this  character  meets  every  requirement 
of  the  density  specifications  devised  by  the 
United  States  Forest  Service  and  adopted  as 
standard  by  the  American  Society  for  Test- 


New  York  City 
Cleveland,  Ohio 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Detroit,  Mich. 
Chicago,  111. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 
Lincoln,  Neb. 


ing  Materials,  the  United  States 
Navy,  the  Southern  Pine  Asso- 
ciation, etc.  They  are  ab- 
solutely dependable  for  use  in 
standard  mill  construction  and  for 
other  structural  uses  where  they 
may  be  called  upon  to  endure 
extreme  stresses  and  give  hard, 
prolonged  service. 

Sales  offices  and  represen- 
tatives of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber 
Company  are  established  at 
various  central  points  in  the 
country,  including  the  home 
offices  at  Kansas  City,  and 
branches  at: 

Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 
Lake  Charles,  La. 
Dallas,  Texas 
Houston,  Texas 
San  Antonio,jTexas 
Beaumont,  Texas 
Amarillo,  Texas 


The  lumber  products  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company  include: 

Southern  Pine  Lumber  and  Timbers. 

Creosoted  Lumber,  Timbers,  Posts,  Poles,  Ties,  Piling  and  Wood  Blocks. 
Oak  and  Gum  Lumber.    Oak  Flooring. 

California  White  Pine  Lumber. 
Sash  and  Doors,  Standardized  Woodwork. 


_____    ^    1 

Bears  Close  Inspection   .j 


[34] 


[ono-ReLL 


Creosoted  Wood  Products 


IKE  importance  of  preservative  treat- 
ment of  structural  material  for  certain 
uses  is  now  generally  recognized,  and 
the  use  of  such  treated  material  is  rapidly 
increasing.  This  is  particularly  true  of  South- 
ern Pine  products,  because  this  material  is 
most  often  called  upon  to  give  service  in 
locations  where  it  is  particularly  exposed  to 
decay  or  other  destructive  forces,  and  because 
Southern  Pine  lends  itself,  more  readily  than 
any  other  high  grade  structural  material,  to 
treatment  with  preservatives.  The  Southern 
Pine  products  now  treated  in  large  quantities 
include  railroad  ties,  structural  timbers,  piling, 
poles,  fence  posts,  wood  blocks  for  paving  and 
for  floors,  and  lumber  in  any  form  required. 


As  all  experienced  users  of  wood  preser- 
vatives know,  there  is  one  standard  and 
thoroughly  effective  method  of  treatment  with 
creosote  —  that  commonly  known  as  the  pres- 
sure-vacuum process,  by  means  of  which  the 
hot  creosote  (dead  oil  of  coal  tar)  is  injected 
into  the  wood  under  pressure  in  air-tight  retorts. 
This  insures  the  necessary  penetration  of  the 
preservative,  something  that  is  impossible  with 
brush  coating,  dipping,  or  open  tank  treatments, 
which  are  merely  makeshifts  at  best  and  always 
uncertain  of  result. 

There  could  be  no  better  material  of  its 
kind  than  Southern  Pine  sawmill  products, 
treated  with  high-grade  preservative  by  the 
most  approved  scientific  process.  Such  ma- 


Section  of  post  and  pole  storage  yard  at  a  creosoting  plant. 


[35] 


TonG-ReLL 


Posts  loaded  on  cars  ready  for  treatment  with  creosote  by  the  pressure- vacuum  process. 


terial,  sound,  sturdy  and  surpassingly  durable, 
is  practically  impervious  to  decay  and  will 
finally  give  way  only  under  stress  of  mechanical 


wear. 


It  is  unnecessary  to  tell  architects  and 
engineers  that  dense  Southern  Pine  is  the  best 
material  for  heavy  construction  available  in 
quantity  and  in  large  sizes.  It  is  also  a  fact 


Long-Bell  creosoted  fence  posts,  nationally  known  as  "The  Post  Everlasting,"  not  only 
make  a  neat  and  attractive  fence  but  one  that  lasts  a  lifetime. 


[36] 


Tone-ReLL 


Creosoted  wood  blocks  are  a  necessary  feature  of  sanitary 
dairy  barns. 

that  its  qualities  of  strength  are  in  no  degree 
impaired  by  preservative  treatment.  Selected 
Southern  Pine  timbers,  creosoted,  are  an  incom- 
parable structural  material  when  used  in  situ- 
ations where  they  are  exposed  to  dry  rot  or  other 
agencies  of  decay,  or  where  they  are  subject 
to  attack  by  insects  or  marine  borers.  Southern 
Pine  creosoted  wood  blocks  long  since  demon- 
strated their  superiority  for  street  pavements 
and  for  floors  in  industrial  plants  where  they 
are  subjected  to  heavy  service.  Railway 
maintenance-of-way  officials  are  unanimous 
in  recommending  the  use  of  treated  material 


A  model  chicken  house,  floored  with  creosoted 
wood  blocks. 


Wood  blocks  provide  safe,  sanitary  and  comfortable  barn  floors. 


Showing  the  use  of  creosoted  posts  in  an  ornamental  farm  fence. 

[37] 


Tono-Reix 


Eliminating  pole  replacement  by  using 
creosoted  telephone  poles. 


for  poles,  posts,  cross-arms, 
ties,  trestles,  culverts,  station 
platforms  and  other  exposed 
places  where  wood  is  used. 

Statistics  show  that  the 
enormous  sum  of  one  hun- 
dred million  dollars  is  ex- 
pended in  this  country  every 
year  in  replacing  decayed 
fence  posts.  The  average 
life  of  untreated  posts  of 
any  wood  is  ordinarily  a 
very  few  years,  as  their 
annual  cost  of  replacement 
amply  proves.  Fence  posts 
properly  treated  with  creo- 
sote will,  on  the  contrary, 
last  indefinitely — certainly 
many  times  longer  than  any 
untreated  post.  Creosoted 
Southern  Pine  fence  posts  in 
ordinary  use  on  the  farm  are 
"permanent"  in  the  sense 
that  they  save  for  the  farmer 
during  his  lifetime  the  expense 
as  well  as  the  time  and 
trouble,  of  fence  post  re- 
placement. 


High  power  transmission  lines  carried 
by  creosoted  poles. 


This  fence  of  creosoted  posts  indicates  a  thrifty  farmer.     He  has  eliminated  replacement  costs  for  many  years. 


[38] 


J/C-, 


Tone-ReLL 


Finished  Products  From  Western  Woods 


RIMITIVE  methods  of  earlier  days 
in  the  lumber  industry  limited  saw- 
mill products  to  the  crudest  forms  of 
rough  lumber.  When  it  was  necessary  to 
work  the  material  into  more  highly  finished 
forms  the  work  was  done  by  hand  labor  on 
the  job  —  by  workmen  who  were  cabinet 
makers  as  well  as  carpenters.  Today  the 
demand  is  for  lumber  highly  finished  in  a 
multitude  of  forms,  and  this  demand,  combined 
with  the  manufacturer's  effort  to  utilize  every 
portion  of  sawlogs,  has  tended  to  develop  and 
improve  woodworking  machinery  and  constantly 
increase  the  number  of  sawmill  products.  An 
illustration  of  how  a  large  lumber  manu- 
facturing organization  today  strives  to  meet 


every  demand  for  building  material  is  furnished 
by  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company,  which  not 
only  produces  structural  material  in  all  the 
forms  usually  made  from  Southern  Pine,  but 
also  manufactures  sash,  doors,  veneer  panels, 
and  box  shocks  from  western  woods. 

This  company's  western  plant  is  at  Weed, 
California,  picturesquely  situated  on  the  western 
slope  of  Mount  Shasta,  three  thousand  feet 
above  sea  level.  The  plant  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  two  thousand  five  hundred  doors  and  three 
thousand  windows,  as  well  as  a  large  quantity 
of  box  material  and  veneers.  The  timber  cut 
is  principally  California  white  pine,  with  some 
sugar  pine  and  fir.  The  large  California  white 
pine  trees  yield  a  high  percentage  of  the  best 


Long-Bell  sash  and  door  and  Standardized  Woodwork  warehouses  carry  large  stocks,  insuring  prompt  delivery. 


[39] 


TonG-ReLL 


Long-Bell  warehouse  and  distributing  center  for  the  company's  Standardized  Woodwork  products  at  Kansas  City. 


grades  of  first  and  second  clear  lumber,  soft  and 
white  and  easily  worked,  and  of  number  one, 
number  two  and  number  three  shop  lumber. 
In  addition  to  the  material  utilized  at  the 
plant  in  the  manufacture  of  sash  and  doors, 
shipments  are  made  of  finish  lumber,  common 
boards,  moulding  and  lath. 

One  purpose  of  The  Long-Bell  Company 
in  adding  a  line  of  woodwork  to  its  lumber 
products  was  to  standardize  sash  and  doors  in 
a  limited  number  of  designs,  so  that  they 
might  be  stocked  and  sold  effectively  by  the 
retail  lumber  dealer.  The  tendency  in  recent 
years  has  been  to  manufacture  a  constantly 
increasing  number  of  "special"  sizes  and  designs 
in  sashs  and  doors,  which  made  it  so  difficult 
for  the  retail  dealer  to  carry  stocks  of  such 
material  that  he  was  practically  eliminated 
from  this  branch  of  the  business. 


The  standardizing  of  woodwork  designs  not 
only  means  lower  costs  all  the  way  from  the 
manufacturer  to  the  consumer,  but  better 
quality.  It  is  an  established  fact  in  large 
woodworking  plants  that  with  the  larger 
production  of  a  limited  number  of  designs 
come  higher  average  quality  through  increased 
efficiency  of  labor  and  economy  of  operation. 
And  when  the  retail  lumber  dealer  is  able  to 
stock  these  standard  sizes  in  sash  and  doors, 
it  is  just  that  much  easier  for  the  lumber 
consumer  to  obtain  the  material  he  requires  in 
building. 

To  facilitate  distribution  and  prompt 
delivery  The  Long-Bell  Company  has  estab- 
lished stock  warehouses  at  the  factory  at  Weed, 
Kansas  City,  and  other  centrally  located 
distributing  points. 


[40] 


An  electric  lumber  carrier. 


American  Lumber  in  Foreign  Countries 


IMERICAN    lumber    is    esteemed   in 
foreign  countries  as  highly  as  it  is  at 

home,  and  there  is  an  insistent  and 

constantly  growing  demand  for  this  material  in 
England  and  Continental  Europe,  Africa  and 
South  America.  Because  of  the  scarcity  or 
inferiority  of  native  woods  in  many  foreign 
countries,  lumber  is  used  much  less  in  dwell- 
ing house  construction  than  it  is  here,  but 
American  forest  products,  especially  those  of 
Southern  Pine,  are  required  for  many  other 


important  uses.  In  fact,  Southern  Pine  is 
employed  extensively  in  Europe  for  purposes 
unusual  in  this  country — notably  for  the 
manufacture  of  highly  finished  furniture.  The 
superior  qualities  of  Southern  Pine  timbers 
in  all  types  of  heavy  construction  are  as  well 
known  abroad  as  at  home,  and  it  is  universally 
used  for  such  requirements. 

The  export  business  of  The  Long-Bell 
Lumber  Company  is  principally  with  England, 
Holland,  Belgium,  France  and  Italy.  A  few 


Export  timber  booms  at  a  Southern  Gulf  port. 


[41] 


Tone-Reix 

•••••• 


The  steamer  "Alcazar"  loading  cargo  of  Long-Bell  timbers  at  Port  Arthur,  Texas,  for  export. 


shipments  are  made  to  South  Africa.  The 
practice  of  trade  marking  Long-Bell  export 
material  has  been  in  effect  several  years,  so 
that  this  brand  is  thoroughly  established 
abroad. 

Standard  timber  and  lumber  sizes  differ 
from  those  of  this  country,  so  that  export 
material  must  be  specially  cut.  Special 
equipment  for  shipping  material  in  large 
quantities  also  is  required  to  take  care  of  export 


business.  About  ten  days  are  required  to 
load  an  average  steamer  cargo.  Vessels  are 
loaded  by  contracting  stevedores,  the  ships 
supplying  the  hoists  and  power  required  for 
loading.  Products  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber 
mills  are  shipped  from  a  number  of  Southern 
Gulf  ports. 

The  Long-Bell  Company's  normal  capacity 
production  for  export  is  seventy  to  eighty 
million  board  feet  annually. 


A  Southern  Pine  forest  highway. 


[42] 


Tone-ReLL 


, 


Long-Bell  cut-over  lands  offer  remarkable  opportunities  for  stock  raising. 


Farm  Lands  in  the  Wake  of  the  Woodsman 


HEN  the  timber  cruiser,  advance 
agent  of  the  lumber  manufacturer, 
first  surveyed  the  vast  areas  of 
Southern  Pine  forests  he  had  an  eye  only  for 
the  towering  trees  and  their  value  as  raw 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  The 
ground  from  which  these  trees  grew  so 
majestically  was  considered  only  with  regard 
to  the  ease  with  which  logging  operations  might 


be  carried  on.  That  this  ground,  when  cleared 
of  the  forest  growth,  might  some  day  be  con- 
verted to  agricultural  uses  was  a  prospect  too 
remote  to  enter  into  his  calculations;  this  to 
him  was  timber  land  and  nothing  else. 

The  same  disregard  of  the  land,  as  land,  for 
a  time  characterized  the  attitude  of  the  lumber 
manufacturer.  He  erected  sawmills,  created 
towns  and  villages,  established  section  lines 


This  sweet  potato  curing  plant,  De  Ridder,  Louisiana,  provides  a  cash  market  for  the  crop  grown  by  new  settlers. 


143] 


Tone-ReLL 


Farm  buildings  and  live  stock  on  a  Long-Bell  Demonstration  Farm. 


through  the  woods,  built  wagon  roads  and 
railroads — but  all  his  activities  were  directed 
toward  the  end  of  facilitating  lumbering 
operations.  But  as  logging  operations  pro- 
gressed the  extent  of  "cut-over"  land  in- 
evitably increased,  and  with  its  increase 
grew  the  problem  of  what  useful  purpose  this 
denuded  territory  might  best  be  made  to  serve. 
The  lumberman  was  no  agriculturist,  but  he 
realized  that  the  ultimate  destiny  of  these 
rapidly  accumulating  acres  of  cut-over  land  was 
their  development  as  farms — provided  the  soil 


was   capable   of   supporting   animal   life   and 
producing  profitable  crops. 

The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company,  in  its 
extensive  and  long  continued  lumber  operations, 
has  in  the  course  of  years  cleared  standing 
timber  from  great  tracts  of  these  lands.  And 
many  years  ago  the  company  began  to  give 
thoughtful  consideration  to  the  possibilities 
for  agricultural  development  of  the  cut-over 
region.  The  problem  involved  was  principally 
that  of  determining  the  quality  of  the  soil — 
its  fertility  or  lack  of  it.  As  to  climatic 


[441 


Tone-Reix 


frvV&fc'AS 

•"H^ 


V^&f&a* 
«ll 


(Left)     A  Louisiana 
Highlands  corn  field. 


(Upper)  Prize  Louisiana 
corn. 


Dairy  herd 


Sheep  ranch. 


Pure  bred  hogs. 


conditions  there  was  no  question.    The  greater  grasses  furnished  plentiful  pasturage  eight  or 

portion  of  the  Long-Bell  holdings  was  in  a  nine  months  of  every  twelve,  and  where  the 

latitude  where  there  was  no  winter  as  it  is  annual  rainfall   was  abundant  and   well   dis- 

known  in  the  North,  where  vegetable  growth  tributed  through  the  seasons.    Throughout  the 

continued    the    year    'round,    where    native  region    there    were    never-failing    streams    of 


[45] 


Tone-Reix 


Scene  on  a  Shorthorn  Ranch,  developed  from  cut-over  land  near  DeRidder,  Louisiana. 


clear,  pure  water,  and  it  was  found  that  the 
best  of  well  water  could  be  had  at  a  depth 
rarely  exceeding  sixty-five  feet.  The  land  for 
the  most  part  presented  a  gently  rolling  surface, 
naturally  well  drained,  free  from  stones  and 
stubborn  undergrowth,  and  the  soil  was  a 
friable  loam  that  would  readily  lend  itself  to 
cultivation.  If  this  soil  contained  the  plant 
food  necessary  for  profitable  farm  crop  pro- 
duction, this  seemed  an  ideal  region  for  stock 
raising  and  general  farming  operations. 

That  there  might  be  no  "guesswork" 
concerning  this  question  of  soil  quality,  The 
Long-Bell  Lumber  Company  undertook,  more 
than  a  dozen  years  ago,  exhaustive  practical 
tests  in  various  branches  of  agriculture  on  the 
cut-over  lands.  Hundreds  of  acres  were  cleared 
of  stumps  left  standing  after  the  logging 
operations,  the  land  thoroughly  tilled,  and  a 
great  variety  of  crops  planted.  The  crops 
produced  included  corn,  oats,  cotton,  cane,  a 
variety  of  legumes,  vegetables,  berries,  grapes 
and  tree  fruits.  In  addition,  careful  study  was 
given  to  the  rearing  of  live  stock,  and  records 
kept  of  the  cost  as  compared  with  that  in 
northern  states,  of  bringing  beef  animals,  hogs 
and  sheep  to  a  marketable  condition. 

As  a  result  of  this  practical  demonstration 


work  there  no  longer  is  any  question  as  to  the 
adaptability  of  the  Long-Bell  cut-over  lands 
for  general  farming  purposes.  Not  only  has 
the  company's  demonstration  work  amply 
proved  this,  but  in  recent  years  abundant 
additional  evidence  has  been  furnished  by 
northern  and  western  farmers  and  stock  rais- 
ers who  have  purchased  farms  and  ranches 
in  the  Long-Bell  district,  and  who  are  now 
contented  and  prosperous  in  the  homes  they 
have  established  there. 

Extensive  tracts  of  the  Long-Bell  cut-over 
lands  are  now  open  to  purchase  by  farmers 
and  stockmen  on  easy  terms,  and  at  prices 
that  are  ridiculously  low  as  compared  to 
present-day  land  prices  in  the  older  and  more 
densely  populated  agricultural  communities 
of  the  North  and  Middle  West.  With  the 
natural  advantages  of  climate,  unfailing  water 
supply,  abundant  rainfall,  good  soil  and  the 
proximity  of  markets  and  transportation  facil- 
ities already  established,  this  region  is  destined 
quickly  to  develop  into  one  of  the  great 
agricultural  and  stock  producing  sections  of 
the  country.  Today  it  offers  possibilities  to 
the  seeker  for  productive  acres  at  low  cost 
believed  to  be  unequaled  elsewhere  in  the 
entire  country. 


[46  | 


ROBERT  A.  LONG 
Founder  and  President  of  The  Long-Bell  Lumber  Company. 


lono-ReLL 


LONG-BELL  LUMBER 
COMPANY 


R.  A.  LONG 

President 

F.  J.  BANNISTER 

Vice  President  and  Treasurer 

M.  B.  NELSON 

Second  Vice  President 

J.   H.   FORESMAN 

Third  Vice  President 

J.  D.  TENNANT 

Fourth  Vice  President 

R.  T.  DEMSEY 

Secretary 

H.  N.  ASHBY 

J.    H.   B  ESTER 

J.  W.  DEAL 
J.  E.  MARRS 
S.  T.  WOODRING 


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LONG  &  CO 
;.:         LUMBER  YARD 


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UNION   BANK   NOTE   CO..  KANSAS    CITY.   MO. 


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